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Home > Help Desk > Health Concern > Health Concern C > Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease



Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to the combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, resulting in obstruction of airways. Although chronic bronchitis and emphysema are distinct conditions, smokers and former smokers often have aspects of both. In chronic bronchitis, the linings of the bronchial tubes are inflamed and thickened, leading to a chronic, mucus-producing cough and shortness of breath. In emphysema, the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) are damaged, also leading to shortness of breath. COPD is generally irreversible and may even be fatal.

What are the symptoms of COPD?
Symptoms of COPD develop gradually and may initially include shortness of breath during exertion, wheezing especially when exhaling, and frequent coughing that produces variable amounts of mucus. In more advanced stages, people may experience rapid changes in the ability to breathe, shortness of breath at rest, fatigue, depression, memory problems, confusion, and frequent waking during sleep.

How is it treated?
Doctors recommend that people with COPD stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke. Medications, such as bronchodilators, expectorants, and corticosteroids, are commonly prescribed in oral or inhaled (using a nebulizer or inhaler) forms. Additional therapies may include pneumococcal (pneumonia) and flu vaccinations, supplemental oxygen therapy, and breathing rehabilitation programs. In cases of severe COPD, lung volume reduction surgery or a lung transplant may be recommended.

Dietary changes that may be helpful:
Malnutrition is common in people with COPD and may further compromise lung function and the overall health of those with this disease. However, evidence of malnutrition may occur despite adequate dietary intake of nutrients.


   
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